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interesting question: what areas, if any, are currently occupied by a group that can trace an unbroken line of cultural descent back to the very first people to live there?

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I was under the impression that scholars had mostly abandoned that as like a literal thing that literally happened

People still talk about it but it's been largely abandoned, especially since all the early dates (~300-500 CE) have been discredited. If there was more than one group then they came very close in time (within 200 years, 800–1000 ya) so it's not clear you could even call them different peoples.