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The rules were "neither lawful nor effective," FCC Chairman Brendan Carr said before the vote. He said telecom companies had improved its cybersecurity significantly since China's Salt Typhoon espionage campaign laid bare the porous state of their networks.

Anna Gomez, the lone Democrat on the FCC, disagreed. "If voluntary cooperation were enough, we would not be sitting here today in the wake of Salt Typhoon," she said. "Partnership and collaboration that carry no enforceable accountability are insufficient by design."

"Simply trusting industry to police itself," Gomez said, "is an invitation for the next breach."