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I’ve been thinking a lot about this article in which a native Irish speaker describes the difficulties negotiating interactions with strangers, working out what language to greet them in, how to handle mixed-language situations:

I’ve seen this countless times. You’ll have four people speaking Irish, an English-speaking monoglot enters the room, everyone defaults to English out of politeness. The Irish language loses another communal space.

We have nice game-theoretic models of this. You can change the information structures, e.g. introduce badges indicating willingness to speak minority languages, or payoff structures, e.g. increase the cost of switching, but it’s hard to negotiate and the dominant language almost always wins out