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It's a traditionally neglected, but now rapidly growing, subfield of philosophy of science. I am currently writing a book on the philosophy of the geosciences that gives introduction, but in meantime I can recommend this survey paper by two members of my #PhiGeo research group

compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.comWhat is Philosophy of the Geosciences?The philosophy of the geosciences is an emerging subfield in philosophy of science. Although past and present geoscientific disciplines differ substantially, we argue that they frequently face common...

seismological measurements of PREM's parameters license reliable inferences about the Earth's interior. Abductive inferences I bet. Although I have thought about this from time to time, it is not now on my list of 100 papers to write. A real list.

Of the natural sciences, we have, first, the classificatory sciences, which are purely inductive zoölogy, mineralogy, and chemistry. Then we have the sciences of theory . . . astronomy, pure physics, etc. Then we have the sciences of hypothesis [abduction]—geology”