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We found approximately $83 billion was recovered from beneficiaries between 2017 and 2021, or 0.6% of the total cost of North Carolina's annual Medicaid program. We found that Black homeowners were more likely to have lower value estates recovered, and more money was recovered from white estates.

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However, the value of homes owned by Black families is substantially less than white ones ($27,000 vs $73,000), explaining in part why more money was recovered from white homeowners. Considering differences in lifetime wealth accumulation, the impacts may be felt more deeply by Black families.

Policymakers should opt for strategies outside of Medicaid that can more precisely target high-net-worth individuals through mechanisms like tax increases on high income earners and large inheritances instead of policies like estate recovery that disproportionately impact low-income families.