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Can someone who works in rolling stock explain to me why European subway systems don’t have AC? Is there a hidden cost to converting a line to AC that I’m unfamiliar with?

And you end up putting the rejected heat in the tunnels and stations, unless you have full-height PSDs at every station.

Constricted loading guage, how to evac the heat out of the tunnels, extra costs on the buy and maintenance side, introduces condensation and water sucks.