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Most real-world authentication protocols rely on some kind of trusted authentication service to attest to endpoint identities. The obvious problem here is the word "trusted"; if the authentication service misbehaves, then the whole system breaks down.

When paired with some fairly public failures by WebPKI certificate authorities, this creates an obvious problem.

The solution that the ecosystem has converged on is something called a "transparency system", and in the case of the WebPKI "certificate transparency". Instead of trying to prevent misbehavior by CAs, a transparency system tries to make it detectable.