Aaron Tay

Aaron Tay

@aarontay.bsky.social

Currently on organizing committee of FORCE2026, Singapore, 3-5 June 2026. I'm librarian + blogger from Singapore Management University. Social media, bibliometrics, analytics, academic discovery tech.

3.5K followers345 following4.9K posts

@ahemnason.bsky.social Library Association of Singapore has been holding library con with this title "Libraries for Tomorrow" since at 2009.I've been presenter, keynote, panelist multiple times. A lot of deja vu eg This year I'm on a panel on "future of librarians". I was on exact same one in 2012

Comments to this are a shitshow. Essentially xkcd.com/927/. Honestly why did ORCID not succeed the way ror.org and to a great extent Crossref did? I'm sure there are many reasons but I do think they made a fundamental strategic error by refusing to own the researcher profile.

xkcd.comStandards

I guess they underestimated the incentives researchers have to curate their own profile. It didn't help Google scholar profile launched and became the most popular yet ignored ORCID. Orcid idea is elegant but in reality integrations to other systems are not easy.

Espically in early days, when most systems had no integrations, we struggled to explain to researchers why they needed to care about ORCID. nowdays with publishers cracking down, autoupdates to ORCID things are better but ...

/1 Took some time to read and understand this. In short RCP-nDCG combines LLM based listwise relevance comparisons with rubric-based relevance judgements, then uses Item Response Theory to calibrate the comparative scores.https://cohere.com/blog/rcp-ndcg

cohere.comRCP-nDCG@10: A New Approach to Enterprise Retrieval Quality | CoherenDCG misses relevant documents its answer key never labelled. RCP-nDCG@10 fixes that with a calibrated AI judge, so relevance scores stay consistent.
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/5 In fact the paper does so with "Count-nDCG" where an LLM judges every document against 5 relevance criteria and the proportion of criteria passed becomes its relevance gain for nDCG. Interestingly the proportion of pairs discriminated is very similar to the full RCP-NDCG but still had many ties

/6 They reports that independent human ordering agreed for approximately 68% of document pairs tied under rubric-only scoring. So there is some benefit beyond rubric based eval... not 100% convincing imho . That said...

/1 Took some time to read and understand this. In short RCP-nDCG combines LLM based listwise relevance comparisons with rubric-based relevance judgements, then uses Item Response Theory to calibrate the comparative scores.https://cohere.com/blog/rcp-ndcg

cohere.comRCP-nDCG@10: A New Approach to Enterprise Retrieval Quality | CoherenDCG misses relevant documents its answer key never labelled. RCP-nDCG@10 fixes that with a calibrated AI judge, so relevance scores stay consistent.
View full thread

/3 of course this comes from the traditional information retrieval perspective, where Cranfield style eval rely on relevance judgements that are often incomplete because of pooling methods. RCP-nDCG proposes a more sophisticated LLM-as-a-judge method to address this problem.

/4 From the typical librarian (info literacy) pov this method seems odd since we already evaluate with rubric all top n results. So the librarian reading this might be wondering why not let the LLM do evaluation (with some scoring method) without list wise comparisons?

/1 Took some time to read and understand this. In short RCP-nDCG combines LLM based listwise relevance comparisons with rubric-based relevance judgements, then uses Item Response Theory to calibrate the comparative scores.https://cohere.com/blog/rcp-ndcg

cohere.comRCP-nDCG@10: A New Approach to Enterprise Retrieval Quality | CoherenDCG misses relevant documents its answer key never labelled. RCP-nDCG@10 fixes that with a calibrated AI judge, so relevance scores stay consistent.

/2 The idea here is if you just do list wise comparisons some results must be better though on an absolute scale they are all bad. Thats why you also do a rubrics based evaluation (very similar to librarians rating docs by accuracy, authority etc).

Nice my substack had creeped past 6k subscribers while I wasn't looking. Not sure how many are bots but still not bad for a niche blog that started as my "think out loud" space

Watching this carefully

COUNTER metrics@countermetrics.bsky.social

​Phase 2 of our AI best practice has now been published! This update extends our original best practice to cover not just agentic activity on publisher platforms, but in third-party tools too. Read more at www.countermetrics.org/ai-phase-two/

They test using LLM as judge. Excellent! So many libraries just do manually. But its expensive so they will try switching to jev and decision apis

Murdoch university rubric for evaluation of AI tools. This isnt one of those in-depth ones that needs some understanding of the tool mechanics, but its not bad for a vibe based/subjective one with 3 out of 5 criteria that are arguably performance based /1

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Though to be fair that would need more effort eg for comparing or ranking system would be easier but otherwise you would need to translate precision score ranges and fix the same queries all the time

Murdoch university rubric for evaluation of AI tools. This isnt one of those in-depth ones that needs some understanding of the tool mechanics, but its not bad for a vibe based/subjective one with 3 out of 5 criteria that are arguably performance based /1

They used Microsoft forms. Instructions to testers are not bad thought i would suggest testers use "tricky" or "hard" queries to stress test relevancy, how search tool reacts to no good results. I find librarians often test with generic overly easy queries which makes things too easy /2

For Primo RA, 8 testers and they rated functionality as failed. I hope they assessed the actual results but speaker say comments do focus on complaints about ai's boolean construction. I suspect some testers looked at the boolean didn't like it & that colored their value of relevancy/accuracy /3

I keep noticing this weird librarian narrative. First they note NLP is not new. True. Deep learning not new. True. Then they conclude hence AI/LLM is not new and over hyped. Huh??

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Frankly if your objection to "ai" is environment, learning what RAG is later obviously wont change your mind. But they probably don't realise what is often branded "AI" are much smaller encoder models that have far less environment impact... unfortunately human tend to cling on to what they believe

I keep noticing this weird librarian narrative. First they note NLP is not new. True. Deep learning not new. True. Then they conclude hence AI/LLM is not new and over hyped. Huh??

Sure transformer architecture is just a neural net architecture trained using DL. But are we going to pretend since 2017 this led to insane performance that we could not even dream of? Call it AI or whatever you want it doesn't change how it performs

then someone will say librarian resistance is from "informed" people. Huh?? Similarly in the modern age of 2026 knowing what RAG is at a high level is not a high benchmark to be informed

This exactly shows what I have been saying. On relevancy Primo RA wins by landslide. Its not due to llm creating boolean since ask anything has that (not exactly same.). It is due to additional reranking of top 30 using embeddings in Primo ra!

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And yes if you are evidence synthesis person I know for you the BOOLEAN is the point. But that's not who I am addressing. Most people don't search for evidence synthesis

I know some might be thinking why can't I demand nice boolean generation AND better reranking. You could. But at end of day you will find the latter is way more important. Boolean generation doesn't need to be perfect to do okay with reranking. It just needs to be broad enough not to drop things

This exactly shows what I have been saying. On relevancy Primo RA wins by landslide. Its not due to llm creating boolean since ask anything has that (not exactly same.). It is due to additional reranking of top 30 using embeddings in Primo ra!

They also tested currency/authority etc. Practically no difference . So overall Primo Ra won due to relevancy. Notice how it won despite librarians complaining the boolean Primo RA produces is objectively weird? Again reranking is important!

I know I'm unpopular for saying this. But the aim isnt to get nice boolean. That's just a means to the ends aka get good relevancy results. A sys can produce nice librarian approved boolean & still rank horribly. A system which doesn't have perfect boolean can still rerank to get more useful results

Closing keynote. If you ask me to do this, at very least librarians must up our game in understanding information retrieval, agentic flows etc

I get quite a few emails or conversations from people who thank me for learning from me what one calls the "information retrieval approach to AI" which is funny when you think of it. Aren't librarians supposedly expert at retrieval/search? But that's a different thing i guess..

This exactly shows what I have been saying. On relevancy Primo RA wins by landslide. Its not due to llm creating boolean since ask anything has that (not exactly same.). It is due to additional reranking of top 30 using embeddings in Primo ra!

Ive actually tried to measure how much is due to the reranker. Its not apple to apple cos Primo ra can't see the same corpus due to opt outs but the reranker as weak as it is (just top 30) actually makes a big difference. The more specfific/harder your query is the more you will notice

Research assistant vs Ask everything vs Basic search on authority

Aaron Tay@aarontay.bsky.social

Very nice. Though I'm still skeptical how good the Primo collection search for topical searches are since its just boolean search

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This feels like what I found out. Because context windows so large you don't have to do RAG for everything eg recommend librarian, just toss json/ everything to llm.

They struggled because the LLM didnt know Primo syntax and keep wanting to use truncation syntax that didn't work (I suspect influenced by pubmed) etc . They tried to address with prompting