James McCulloch

James McCulloch

@jamesimcc.bsky.social

Evolutionary genomics PhD student at the Wellcome Sanger Institute/University of Cambridge. National recorder for springtails. Evolutionary biology, entomology, taxonomy, natural history... https://www.sanger.ac.uk/person/mcculloch-james/

635 followers235 following114 posts

James McCulloch reposted

I am so excited to see this preprint out. I started working on springtails with @laurarossevo.bsky.social in 2019, but this pinnacle of our efforts manifested only with heroric leadership of Sam Ebdon! So, what's the deal? 👇

bioRxiv Evolutionary Biology@biorxiv-evobio.bsky.social

Stronger positive and purifying selection on X-linked genes in a species with paternal genome elimination https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.14.751372v1

New species now out in @soilorganismsj.bsky.social! soil-organisms.org/SO/article/v... The latest addition to the UK's springtail fauna: Entomobrya terraeincognitae sp. nov. I found this species on fieldwork for my PhD @sangerinstitute.bsky.social at the Cambridge botanics. 🧵

James McCulloch@jamesimcc.bsky.social

The UK has a new species of springtail (to science)! I’m on my way to @nhm.org to drop off the type specimens. Name withheld so as not to violate the ICZN… but keep an eye out for the publication dropping shortly!

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This is a problem. Naming a species is the first step. But there are many other undescribed species of springtail in the UK, likely imported via the horticultural trade. Where are they coming from? What do they do in their native environment, and how may they affect UK ecosystems? Work continues.

New species now out in @soilorganismsj.bsky.social! soil-organisms.org/SO/article/v... The latest addition to the UK's springtail fauna: Entomobrya terraeincognitae sp. nov. I found this species on fieldwork for my PhD @sangerinstitute.bsky.social at the Cambridge botanics. 🧵

James McCulloch@jamesimcc.bsky.social

The UK has a new species of springtail (to science)! I’m on my way to @nhm.org to drop off the type specimens. Name withheld so as not to violate the ICZN… but keep an eye out for the publication dropping shortly!

View full thread

What is notable about these diagrams is that there are many fewer hairs than there normally are. In fact, out of all the species known from the Palearctic realm, my specimens had the fewest of these taxonomically-important hairs!

So, my attention turned further afield. The most similar species are in the Neotropics, yet my specimens still differed in their chaetotaxy. There are additional differences in the body shape, pattern, claw structure, and the labial papillae (sensory structures near the mouth).

New species now out in @soilorganismsj.bsky.social! soil-organisms.org/SO/article/v... The latest addition to the UK's springtail fauna: Entomobrya terraeincognitae sp. nov. I found this species on fieldwork for my PhD @sangerinstitute.bsky.social at the Cambridge botanics. 🧵

James McCulloch@jamesimcc.bsky.social

The UK has a new species of springtail (to science)! I’m on my way to @nhm.org to drop off the type specimens. Name withheld so as not to violate the ICZN… but keep an eye out for the publication dropping shortly!

View full thread

Entomobrya is a large (>300 spp.) and taxonomically difficult genus, and often identification relies on this so-called chaetotaxy. Each dorsal hair has a name, and it's important to record which of these hairs are present. To collect the specimens needed to do this, I returned in September.

This time, I found dozens of specimens, mostly on a few floating plants of water lettuce in a tank in one of the nurseries. This allowed me to draw diagrams like these, recording which hairs were present on the head, thorax, and abdomen.

New species now out in @soilorganismsj.bsky.social! soil-organisms.org/SO/article/v... The latest addition to the UK's springtail fauna: Entomobrya terraeincognitae sp. nov. I found this species on fieldwork for my PhD @sangerinstitute.bsky.social at the Cambridge botanics. 🧵

James McCulloch@jamesimcc.bsky.social

The UK has a new species of springtail (to science)! I’m on my way to @nhm.org to drop off the type specimens. Name withheld so as not to violate the ICZN… but keep an eye out for the publication dropping shortly!

I immediately recognised it as a species of Entomobrya, but unlike anything known in the UK. The problem was that I only had the one specimen, from this unassuming plant pot, but identifying it further would require dissolving its insides to look closer at which hairs were present.

The UK has a new species of springtail (to science)! I’m on my way to @nhm.org to drop off the type specimens. Name withheld so as not to violate the ICZN… but keep an eye out for the publication dropping shortly!

James McCulloch reposted

James McCulloch reposted

Be a dipterist. Be in Costa Rica for #FlySchool2026. See a muscoid #fly perching on a leaf. Tell student so they can collect it. Success!! Wait a minute 🤔 That's not a fly, but weevil mimicking one! This was so convincing, even rapidly moving & poking its wings out 🥰 #Curculionidae: cf. #Mnemynurus

James McCulloch reposted

Pleased to say that the first half of my PhD project is now out in preprint format! Using cortical organoids to model the mechanical transitions involved in early neurogenesis, we find that nuclear mechanotransduction is a crucial regulator of the timing and outcome of neuronal differentiation:

biorxiv.orgOrganoids reveal niche-specific mechanotransduction-guided human cortical patterning and cell fate acquisitionThe highly dynamic mechanical environment of the developing cerebral cortex has the potential to encode information vital for neuronal differentiation. Changes in local biophysical properties have bee...

Exploring Copenhagen while at #SMBE2026 Visit The Little Mermaid & look a few m along the shoreline. You’ll see some impressive (and polycentric) Bolboschoenus (club-rush). Their polycentromeres are likely underpinned by satellites I called Garrett and Colleen More: www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...

James McCulloch@jamesimcc.bsky.social

I’m excited to be at #SMBE2026! I’m keen to talk to people about chromosome evolution/centromeres in the polycentric sedges and rushes (see poster or www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...) … … or about population genomics of soil arthropods!

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All UK Deuterosminthurus species can be fully yellow, but populations of bicinctus and pallipes can be easily recognised by having some individuals of a different morph (bicoloured and violet respectively). Males & females can be either morph. How the polymorphism is maintained is enigmatic!

Deuterosminthurus sulphureus, though, only comes in yellow and is hard to distinguish from yellow morphs of the other two. However, some setae (hairs) on the tibiotarsus (lower leg) are longer than others (2nd pic) and there is a pair of thickened setae at the tip of the abdomen in the males.

James McCulloch reposted

When I sat down with @jamesimcc.bsky.social to learn about all things springtails, I never imagined I'd leave our conversation so inspired about the future of natural science research. I can't wait to see what the future has in store for James. I certainly look forward to following the journey! 😊

Wellcome Sanger Institute@sangerinstitute.bsky.social

No clue what a springtail is? Never fret. We've interviewed the UK's national springtail biological recorder and PhD student @jamesimcc.bsky.social . Head to our blog to learn more ⤵️ https://sangerinstitute.blog/2026/03/26/studying-soils-unsung-heroes/ 📸 Tim Jonas #NameItToSaveIt

James McCulloch reposted

James McCulloch reposted

And this is my favourite figure, nicely illustrating diversity and turnover of oligocentromeric satelites. Look at Carol and Sandra - one invaded the other at least 2x, which I find particularly amusing.

James McCulloch@jamesimcc.bsky.social

We identified where the oligocentromeres were in each genome using CAP. There's a lot of turnover - across 35 species, we could classify candidate centromere-related satellite DNA into no fewer than 25 families (named after Superstore characters). 🧵4/12

James McCulloch reposted

Very proud of @jamesimcc.bsky.social to submit his first PhD paper about evolution of genomes and centromeres in taxa with oligocentromeric organisation. Lots of interesting discoveries including possibly the first reported re-evolution of monocentricity.

James McCulloch@jamesimcc.bsky.social

Why do the chromosomes of cyperids (sedges & rushes) split and fuse so regularly on evolutionary timescales? Is it because they have so many centromeres? Our new preprint, the first major paper of my PhD, addresses this question. 🧵⬇️ 1/12 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...

James McCulloch reposted

Chromosomes are often classified as either monocentric (single centromere per chr) or holocentric (centromeric activity spread across each chr). In reality, there is a continuum in centromere organisation - and cyperids are a fascinating system to explore this in as James shows in this preprint! 🌱

James McCulloch@jamesimcc.bsky.social

Why do the chromosomes of cyperids (sedges & rushes) split and fuse so regularly on evolutionary timescales? Is it because they have so many centromeres? Our new preprint, the first major paper of my PhD, addresses this question. 🧵⬇️ 1/12 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...