Asst. prof at Northwestern ChBE
Interested in how molecules and processes are organized and regulated in living cells | physics, math, engineering, and computation (mostly) for biology
shrinivaslab.com
Preprint!
Inspired by condensates that form on specific DNA, we ask:
can we design multicomponent fluids to form distinct condensates on diff. surfaces?
i.e. perform classification by condensation ⚛️ 💻 exploiting phase transitions beyond compartmentalization!
arxiv.org/abs/2509.08100
(1/2)
Excited to share the first pre-print from our lab!!
Check it out here! www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...
We found that many RNA-binding proteins canonically understood to regulate RNA processing can also function like transcription factors and cofactors to directly regulate transcription.
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) flit between diverse shapes and interact in fuzzy ensembles whose collective properties shape function.
Q: Can we rationally design emergent properties of IDPs?
Our newest preprint takes a stab at this 🧵
biorxiv.org/content/10.6...
Design 3: localization in living cells 🔬
We designed IDPs to selectively enrich (client) or deplete (excluder) from FUS LC condensates & tested in living cells with @sneadlab.bsky.social.
Great work by co-first authors Neha Tyagi & Jackson Boodry, with Vita Chou & Wilton Snead!
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) flit between diverse shapes and interact in fuzzy ensembles whose collective properties shape function.
Q: Can we rationally design emergent properties of IDPs?
Our newest preprint takes a stab at this 🧵
biorxiv.org/content/10.6...
Our key idea: use ML to invert emerging physics-based models (Dimer, FINCHES, RPA) for de novo IDP design.
Our framework uses gradient-based sequence design for target properties and is:
fast: proteome-scale (10,000 seq) < 1 min on GPU flexible: change loss, change property
Design 1: IDPs as complex physical signal processors 🧮
We designed IDPs that sense/compute over cues — a single sequence can act as:
• threshold detector (phosphorylation counting)
• bandpass filter (respond only to intermediate signals) • logic gate (XOR, OR, NAND) over 2 cues
Check out our new work in Cell Systems @cp-cellsystems.bsky.social! Much of the biochemistry in the cell is organized by biomolecular condensates, but what mechanisms control the distribution of a given condensate throughout the cell? And is this mesoscale organization important for function?
Our work made the cover! (and my very first one!)
Congrats to co-authors as well as Ramanna Shrinivas for cover art and @natcomputsci.nature.com for editing/cover design.
🚨Our May issue is now live, including a method to design dynamic unstructured proteins, a benchmark to evaluate spatial alignment methods for spatial transcriptomics, and much more! www.nature.com/natcomputsci...
📰Cover: www.nature.com/articles/s43...
Do different regions in the cell nucleus find each other by random motion or is there a directed component? In short: likely both. Below, I summarize a few predictions from a recently updated preprint from last June: doi.org/10.48550/arX.... (1/9)
#biophysics#theory#active#chromatin#condensates
On this 1st April I'm happy to release a technical report from our startup MirageBio, describing a new protein structure model with state-of-the-art performance.
jgreener64.github.io/posts/techni...
Excited to announce the newest member of the flock - STARLING (conSTruction of intrinsicAlly disoRdered proteins ensembles efficientLy vIa multi-dimeNsional Generative models).
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
Pleased to share the final version of this behemoth of a paper, now finally published. I guess I can retire now?
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
More functional data, many thousands of words removed, and a few other updates from last year's preprint.
We’re pleased to share our substantially updated (more below on that…) version of our manuscript exploring the relationship between conservation in sequence/function for intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
To probe gene-scale chromatin physics, we built 96-mer (20 kb) arrays with defined histone marks. Combining single-molecule tracking, AFM imaging, and developing in vitro Hi-C, we saw how specific modifications dictate chromatin structure and dynamics. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
In collaboration with Hue Sun Chan and @jonaswessen.bsky.social, we present a polymer theory for sequence-based prediction of selective partitioning of charged IDRs. This method correctly predicted the partitioning of IDRs for which we had no experimental data. www.nature.com/articles/s42...
The problem:
AI tools like AlphaFold & ProteinMPNN accelerate design of stable protein folds by inverting the sequence-structure map.
But IDPs don't have 1 shape - they occupy a huge ensemble of shapes. Physics simulations are good models to generate ensembles but hard to design/invert over!
Our framework:
We bridge machine learning & statistical physics to directly invert molecular simulations to design IDPS and engineer examples that:
🌀 form loops & linkers with tuned flexibility
⚡ sense salt, temperature, or phosphorylation stimuli
🤝 bind disordered targets like FUS or Whi3
Our review on cell cycle – cell fate (de)coupling is out! doi.org/10.1242/dev....
Was a lot of fun writing this with Allon Klein, reading old papers(earliest from 1902), and speculating on why cell cycle progression is not necessary for differentiation across many many tissues and species.
(1/3)
Preprint!
Inspired by condensates that form on specific DNA, we ask:
can we design multicomponent fluids to form distinct condensates on diff. surfaces?
i.e. perform classification by condensation ⚛️ 💻 exploiting phase transitions beyond compartmentalization!
arxiv.org/abs/2509.08100
(1/2)
Aidan Zentner, Ethan V. Halingstad, Cameron Chalk, Michael P. Brenner, Arvind Murugan, Erik Winfree, Krishna Shrinivas: Information processing driven by multicomponent surface condensates https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08100https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.08100https://arxiv.org/html/2509.08100
Preprint!
Inspired by condensates that form on specific DNA, we ask:
can we design multicomponent fluids to form distinct condensates on diff. surfaces?
i.e. perform classification by condensation ⚛️ 💻 exploiting phase transitions beyond compartmentalization!
arxiv.org/abs/2509.08100
(1/2)
Aidan Zentner, Ethan V. Halingstad, Cameron Chalk, Michael P. Brenner, Arvind Murugan, Erik Winfree, Krishna Shrinivas: Information processing driven by multicomponent surface condensates https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08100https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.08100https://arxiv.org/html/2509.08100
Led by the amazing Aidan Zentner, with contribs from Ethan Halingstad, and in collab with Cameron Chalk, Michael Brenner, @amurugan.bsky.social, and Erik Winfree.
For a more fun overview, see Erik's version of the abstract www.dna.caltech.edu/DNAresearch_... :) (2/2)
A tremendous honor! Thrilled & humbled to receive 2025 Keio Medical Science Prize for launching LLPS #phaseseparation field (= #softmatter + #cellbio) w collaborators esp @HymanLab. & Congrats to Akiko Iwasaki @virusesimmunity.bsky.social. www.princeton.edu/news/2025/09...#KeioMedicalSciencePrize
New in @pnas.org with @gladfelterlab.bsky.social@sneadlab.bsky.social ! 📢
Cells use condensates (dynamic compartments without membranes) to organize key reactions. Some condensates have core & shell layers… but how do such layers form? 🤔
👉 pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2504778122 (1/6)
Extra curiosities 🔍
• Across tissues & species, stoichiometries of NONO/FUS are conserved, hinting at evolutionary tuning.
• Simulations by Mary Skillicorn in the lab also suggest important roles for co-transcriptional nucleation of paraspeckles for tuning paraspeckle size/number.
We combined in vitro assays of binding and condensation with bioinformatics to ask which parts of NEAT1 each protein preferred binding to.
Surprise: core proteins (FUS, NONO) actually prefer the same shell RNA regions as the shell protein TDP-43! Everyone crowds into the same RNA zones. 🌀
Another surprise: core & shell proteins don’t mix well (they’re immiscible, like oil & water).
Putting these observations together in simulations suggests 🖥️⚛️: competition for RNA + immiscibility naturally push proteins to form different layers, even if they individually like the same parts of RNA.
We use paraspeckles as a model to study this question.
Paraspeckles are built around a non-coding RNA NEAT1 whose middle regions are in the core and 5’/3’ ends on the shell layer - each layer also recruiting different proteins. (2/6)
Prevailing model suggests:
→ “Core” proteins bind the middle of the NEAT1 RNA scaffold
→ “Shell” proteins bind the RNA ends
This selective binding could, in principle, assemble layers - but has not been explicitly tested. So we set out to do this!
Hello! Ever wonder what's "talking to" your favorite transcript, but were too scared to ask? In our review in @cp-cellreports.bsky.social, @mardakheh.bsky.social and I highlight new RNA-focused tools for discovering RNA interactions across organizational scales. Checkit!
tinyurl.com/ydn6e3ac
How can a single cell learn without a brain or nervous system? We explore this in our new preprint with
@wallaceucsf.bsky.social! We discovered that central features of learning in single cells can be accounted for by a model based on receptor inactivation bit.ly/3CDukfS 🧵 1/n
In the nucleus, many intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) form condensates. What IDP sequence features drive this behavior? We developed CondenSeq, a high-throughput approach to measure nuclear condensate formation, and applied it to ~14,000 IDPs to find out!
rdcu.be/eq975
Join us for this week’s entry in the NITMB Seminar Series!
Featuring Krishna Shrinivas (@shrinivaslab.bsky.social), Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering at Northwestern University
Learn more at www.nitmb.org/nitmb-semina...
I am excited to share the latest paper from my lab where we leverage the selection bias of condensate-promoting oncofusions to uncover molecular rules governing condensate specificity and function. www.cell.com/cell/fulltex....
To all people who value science as a source of truth, cures for diseases, and hope for our climate and future, here are 2 hard truths:
1) our current research ecosystem is already strained and very fragile;
2) If it gets broken it will take a generation or longer to repair.
Here’s why:
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The answer is yes! Come hear about STARLING this afternoon at the Biophysical Society IDP subgroup symposium!
Thread to follow later today...
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
Heading out to LA for the 2025 biophysical society meeting! The big question: Can we submit the preprint and get it online before my talk tomorrow?!?! WHO KNOWS!?
Super excited to finally share PANCS-Binders: our group's decade-long quest to accelerate protein binder discovery.
TLDR: PANCS-binders is fast (2 days), cheap (pennies), has extremely high fidelity (low false positive and negatives), and high-throughput.
1/n
While everyone esle has been concentrating on generative binder design, this group has demonstrated screening libraries in vivo! www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...#biosky
My first post on bluesky!!
Excited to see my PhD work featured on the cover of NCB @naturecellbiology.bsky.social December issue! This image shows a gorgeous #zebrafish embryo undergoing cell division (the green cells with condensed chromatin)—a fundamental process we study in development.
🧵1/2