David Enard

David Enard

@denard.bsky.social

Evolutionary Biologist. Ancient epidemics. Genomic adaptation.

1.4K followers302 following195 posts

David Enard reposted

Our paper on detecting (or not) balancing selection is now out, in all its typeset beauty, in the October issue of @molbioevol.bsky.social: academic.oup.com/mbe/article/...

Max Reuter@maxreuter.bsky.social

A new preprint from the lab, with postdoc @deboraycb.bsky.social and collaborators @aidaandres.bsky.social and Tim Connallon: “Characterising the detectable and invisible fractions of genomic loci under balancing selection” www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...

David Enard reposted

🧬🔬 Why are enhancers transcribed and how does that impact gene regulation? I’m really excited to share our new paper in @science.org showing that noncoding RNAs control the timing of gene activation in embryos. With Mike Levine #ScienceResearch @columbiamed.bsky.social A few highlights below... 🧵👇

science.orgNoncoding transcription controls the developmental dynamics of long-range gene regulationThe genomic regions regulating gene expression are often themselves transcribed into a variety of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). However, the regulatory roles of this noncoding transcription remain largely ...

David Enard reposted

Where did bats come from?🦇🌍 After decades of debate, the biggest bat genome + fossil study ever done has an answer - and it’s not where anyone expected! 🤩OUR PHASE 1 FLAGSHIP is out today in nature! doi.org/10.1038/s415... A thread 🧵

doi.orgReference genomes and fossils revise bat family phylogeny and biogeography - NatureAn updated phylogeny of bats is presented, based on new genome assemblies and many ancient fossils and including all known bat families.

David Enard reposted

2/2) Bat immune response is very often discussed in terms of bats' immune system being the most derived, I am not sure. that we can make this assumption based on current evidence.

David Enard reposted

Does someone know what game Paraguay was playing yesterday? Asking because it was not soccer. Clearly the referee was also confused. Sad to see teams who forgot that it is also about entertaining the public with beautiful technical fits.

David Enard reposted

Some deep work by my former student Matthew Aguirre on what the properties of cis- and trans eQTLs can teach us about the structure of gene regulatory networks!

Matthew Aguirre@aguirre404.bsky.social

Happy to share that this is now out in Cell Genomics and a featured paper for Multi-Journal Submission from @cellpress.bsky.social — many thanks to the editorial team + our reviewers! Short recap + some further thoughts on the paper ⬇️ [1/7] www.cell.com/cell-genomic...

Deeply interesting comment on a paper on compensatory evolution following "host" adaptation to a selfish genetic element. Reminescent of our finding of compensatory protein stability evolution after ancient viral epidemics. #evolution www.nature.com/articles/s41...

nature.comThe long reach of the Red Queen - Nature Reviews GeneticsRed Queen dynamics describe a mode of evolution in which interacting biological entities continually adapt and counteradapt. This Comment discusses the pervasiveness of these dynamics within genomes, ...

It is unfortunate that this has to be reminded so much to reviewers at all steps: doing this things right or at least as well as possible IS in itself a strong innovation.

1/2) #bioinformatics people interested in #genome alignment, has anyone tried to do "adaptive seeding throttling" where after a long run time a lastz job would go into an adaptive mode where it detects that a specific repeat is initiating too many seeds, which would trigger lastz to mask it?

2/2) lastz requires to pre-softmask the genomes extensively which is itself very computationally costly, and since it is often a handful of problematic jobs, it seems more efficient to have lastz mask problematic repeats itself? @hillermich.bsky.social have you though about improving lastz?

I have now heard repeatedly from non-US PIs they stopped to go to American confs because the PIs there being socially exclusive and not including much anyone else in social interactions. I have also seen it, I find it disconcerting to this day.

David Enard reposted

Recently we're working with SNPs from whole genome assemblies to estimate ARGs. It's a pain to go from alignment files to vcf, keeping track of masked and invariant sites. So we wrote a snakemake/SLURM pipeline. Hope it's useful to others, and don't hesitate to post issues if there are problems!

github.comGitHub - RILAB/argprep: Snakemake pipeline for generating SINGER input files from whole genome alignment .maf files.Snakemake pipeline for generating SINGER input files from whole genome alignment .maf files. - RILAB/argprep

David Enard reposted

David Enard reposted

Excited to share our new preprint! 🍇🧬 We analyzed 639 genomes across 48 grape species to understand how hybridization drives adaptation. • ~14% of average Vitis genome is introgressed • Most parallel adaptations are shared via gene flow • Two "hybrid species" are actually hybrid swarms

biorxiv.orgbiorxiv.org

David Enard reposted

To add one thing: if you have the data to run both classic dN/dS tests and MK tests, choose the latter. dN/dS tests are blind to positive selection in the important, constrained proteome, while MK test will work regardless of constraint, if DFE well estimated. #evolution #adaptation #popgen

David Enard@denard.bsky.social

1/5) Re-reading this excellent paper on using mutation-selection balance models to quantify positive selection. The discussed lack of congruence between MK approaches and classic dN/dS test is entirely unsurprising, see thread below. www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/...

1/5) Re-reading this excellent paper on using mutation-selection balance models to quantify positive selection. The discussed lack of congruence between MK approaches and classic dN/dS test is entirely unsurprising, see thread below. www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/...

pnas.orgPNASProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans...

2/5) First, the dN/dS tests used in the past comparisons output many false positive results because they do not account for synonymous substitutions or complex multinucleotide substitutions. Look at the -MH tests in HYPHY to account for this.

1/5) Re-reading this excellent paper on using mutation-selection balance models to quantify positive selection. The discussed lack of congruence between MK approaches and classic dN/dS test is entirely unsurprising, see thread below. www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/...

pnas.orgPNASProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans...
View full thread

4/5) This is the true hidden killer: classic dN/dS tests are very sensitive to positive selection in weakly constrained, fast evolving immune genes. At the same time, the inflation of PN due to likely ongoing balancing selection in the same genes kills the power of MK test to detect excess of DN.

5/5) The claims that lack of congruence between dN/dS and MK tests questions their validity are very weak: there are well known, well identified and well studied reasons why that would be the case. Maybe the field should pay better attention to latest sel tests developments, all above is discussed.

1/5) Re-reading this excellent paper on using mutation-selection balance models to quantify positive selection. The discussed lack of congruence between MK approaches and classic dN/dS test is entirely unsurprising, see thread below. www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/...

pnas.orgPNASProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans...

2/5) First, the dN/dS tests used in the past comparisons output many false positive results because they do not account for synonymous substitutions or complex multinucleotide substitutions. Look at the -MH tests in HYPHY to account for this.

3/5) The classic dN/dS tests only have statistical power when the selective constraint surrounding the positively selected sites is weak. Beyond needing dN/dS>1, also a matter of statistical power depending on the total number of substitutions. MK approaches really shine in the constrained genome,

David Enard reposted

Happy to share our last study on how age, biological sex and genetics affect not only the extent of antibody responses against viruses but also the specific viral epitopes recognised. Thanks to Axel Olin @EtiennePatin @LabExMI @institutpasteur @cdf1530 @CNRS www.nature.com/articles/s41...

nature.comDemographic and genetic factors shape the epitope specificity of the human antibody repertoire against viruses - Nature ImmunologyPatin and colleagues present a mineable Resource database for identifying demographic and genetic factors that impact antiviral antibody repertoires in humans.

David Enard reposted

I am seeking a postdoc to join my group at UCLA -- ideally the candidate would have some experience in either population genetics or microbes/microbiome (computational background needed). We have a range of projects and are happy to tailer to your interests. Please dm/email me if interested.

David Enard reposted

Counting publications is such a poor proxy for scientific productivity. Counting discoveries, with a bonus for discoveries that were not anticipated, and important insights is a much better proxy. I am wondering if there are standardized, systematic ways of quantifying this.

That looks great! To avoid errors due to starting with spotty gene annotations (gene loss vs. not annotated), I would suggest re-annotating every genome used with TOGA2 from the Hiller lab: github.com/hillerlab/TO... Many annotations out there are not optimal and TOGA2 has great power and accuracy.

github.comGitHub - hillerlab/TOGA2: TOGA2: A faster, more versatile successor of Tool to infer Orthologs from Genome AlignmentsTOGA2: A faster, more versatile successor of Tool to infer Orthologs from Genome Alignments - hillerlab/TOGA2
Laurie Belcher@lauriebelch.bsky.social

Calling all OrthoFinder users! We’ve just released GLADE, a tool to infer gene gains, losses, duplications, and ancestral genomes across a phylogeny. GLADE runs directly on OrthoFinder results. www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6... github.com/lauriebelch/... (1/10)

David Enard reposted

This is shaping up to be a great workshop. There is still time to register before the deadline! Please RT! #evolution #viruses #pathogens

Peter Sudmant@psudmant.bsky.social

Registration deadline is fast approaching for the "Host adaptations to viral infections” Meeting May 10th-13th, 2026, at the CNRS Station Biologique de Roscoff, Brittany, France! JOIN US and the many amazing speakers! JOIN US! sites.google.com/berkeley.edu...

I forgot using tags again: #evolution #genomics #machinelearning #CNNs

David Enard@denard.bsky.social

1/5) After months scratching our heads (Is this why I am bald?) when analyzing the performance of CNNs to find sweeps in real genomes, postdoc Jesus Murga Moreno figured out that training with simulations with recombination that closely reflects the distribution of recombination in the real genome

1/5) After months scratching our heads (Is this why I am bald?) when analyzing the performance of CNNs to find sweeps in real genomes, postdoc Jesus Murga Moreno figured out that training with simulations with recombination that closely reflects the distribution of recombination in the real genome

View full thread

1/5) After months scratching our heads (Is this why I am bald?) when analyzing the performance of CNNs to find sweeps in real genomes, postdoc Jesus Murga Moreno figured out that training with simulations with recombination that closely reflects the distribution of recombination in the real genome

2/5) , and/or normalizing statistics by local recombination rate is really important. This is because many sweep stats values depend on local recombination rate, and thus normalization based on genome-wide variants will be heavily dependent on the recombination simulated in the training vs. in the

3/5) real genome. A stat like iHS for example, or anything haplotype-based really. We are working on adding this to Flexsweep and preparing a manuscript, but even before that anyone using CNNs for sweep analysis should be very careful about recombination.