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Is 1 g the optimal gravity for a 100 m sprint? 0.1 g should be worse due to the effect explained in above post. 10 g is adverse to fast movement. But how about 0.8 - 1.2 g? (For long runs, going below 1 g is an advantage, for sure. Unfortunately, testing this is prohibitally expensive.)

We do have lower G on the surface of the Earth, the problem is the air is thinner too. Everest is about .3% less a.d.t.g. than sea level. ~9.77 m/s² I suppose one could have a treadmill on a plane, but even when pressurized, planes are still only about 11 psi (vs 14.7 psi = 1 atm)

Thin air not a problem; we just need a depressurized stadium at ground level to measure baseline. But treadmills don’t work for sprints, and sprints in a plane or on Everest seem dangerous. Can athletes stop before taking a dive or splatting against the cockpit door?

I think lower gravity will always be better. Even at 1g the acceleration phase of the 100m is spent trying to maintain a forward lean as long as possible. If you reduce gravity, that lean gets steeper and lasts longer. Not sure where the mechanical efficiency limit would be, but less is better.