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Surprising: frontier models (Claude, ChatGPT, Deepseek V4) produce the most predictable text of any local AI model or human text I've ever tested. Not surprising: Finnegans Wake is off the charts, by far least predictable—Shannon & Lydia Liu proved right—and Hemingway the most predictable human.

Ryan Heuser@ryanheuser.com

Shannon measured the information rate of English at ~1 bit per character. According to a byte-level LLM measuring next-character predictability in LLM & human text (diaries, abstracts, dreams, fiction), aligned models produce sub-English information rates & LLM text is more predictable than humans'.

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What's surprising is that the giant trillion-parameter models are even more predictable than the tiny ones I can run on my own PC. That, plus the fact that 'aligned' or fine-tuned models are more predictable than their base model, suggests AI is optimized for predictability (a feature of slop?).

During training they are tasked to predict the next token and then get modified to predict the next token even better than before training. It's literally their job to be as predictable as possible! The bigger models have more parameters to do that even better.

This is perhaps hidden by the fact that they are commonly used with a randomized seed for the pseudo-random numbers used in calculation. Otherwise, the same input would always result in the same output and predictability would be off the charts. ;)

Yeah, I think what makes him distinct is his literary genre: more common among postmodern/experimental novelists) to try to create a novel artifact out of carefully assembled clichés. Whereas I imagine reading Hemingway’s drafts is more like watching Nick Offerman plane down the wood for a chair.